RAM, or memory as it's sometimes called, is where your phone stores information when it's not using it, but might in the near future. RAM is a lot faster than the internal storage you have on your phone, but you don't have as much of it.

Think of it like moving something from your drawers to your desk. It's easier to grab something when it's in arm's reach, but you can't keep everything on your desk, so you need a place to store items when they're not in use.

Let's say you're playing a game on your phone, but then you get a phone call. There's a very good chance that, once your phone call is done, you'll go back to that game. When you answer the call, your phone keeps the game loaded in memory. As soon as you end the call and re-open the game, it should pop right back up exactly where you left off. You don't need to reload the entire app, or lose your progress. It's just there.

This means the more stuff you have loaded into memory the better (Android phones don't need a task killer because they automatically kill apps you haven't used in a while). It also means the more memory you have the better.

The formula for fantastic photos comes down to the entire camera module, which includes the size and material of the main camera lens, the light sensor, the image processing hardware, and the software that ties it all together.

The Sensor:
The light sensor is the most important part of the camera’s optical system. When light enters into the camera through the lens, it is the sensor that receives that light in form of information (hmmm). This information is translated into an electronic signal. The image is then created by the image processor and fine tuned to remove noise.

Larger camera lenses form a basis for larger image sensors. The larger the size of the image sensor, the more light it can collect and the better the quality of the picture. Photography and selfie addicts will tell you lighting is extremely important in photography.

The Image Processing Hardware:
The image processor is the part of the camera that renders the image taken in relation to the main phone processor. Recent high-end phones usually have dedicated graphics processors on their chips. So these phones are more hardware-accelerated than they are software dependent.

These accelerated graphics processors render images faster without tasking the main processor. But if the graphics processor of a camera phone has lower specs than the main processor, it will tell on the picture quality and the speed with which the pictures are taken and displayed.

The Software:
The software bridges the hardware and the final image. It is the software that first requests the image you are about to capture and it is the software that provides the final product. Jessica Dolcourt explains that the software consists of an interpolation of algorithms and other logic. These create the final image you see on your screen. This, perhaps, is the biggest difference between a lot of smartphone cameras.

There is a lot more technicality to the smartphone camera than most brands care to admit. This is one reason why they tout the megapixel horn a lot. If they revealed all that really mattered in their smartphone cameras, then some of them wouldn’t be able to use it as their selling point. The next time you want to get a new phone for the sake of the camera quality, don’t buy into the megapixel delusion. It’s beyond that.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Retina:
Liquid crystal is a fascinating substance that has molecular properties of both liquids and solids — the application of an electrical current affects those properties, allowing more or less light to pass through a particular pixel, creating a gray scale.

In a full-color display, each pixel has three sub-pixels: one with a red filter, one with green, and one with blue. To create colors, different levels of light are passed through each sub-pixel. If you look really closely at an LCD screen, you can often pick out the sub-pixels, as in this image:

Apple’s Retina technology is a specific type of LCD called an in-place switching (IPS) LCD. This technology offers wider viewing angles and lower power consumption. The Retina label is applied when the pixel density is higher than can be distinguished by the human eye.

Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED):
Traditional LEDs, however, are too large to be used to create small displays; they may be used on the mega-screens you see in stadiums and in digital advertising, but you won’t see them in your cell phone display.

OLEDS, unlike LEDs, use carbon-based substances to create light instead of base metals. The molecular difference isn’t what’s important here, though — the advantage of OLEDs over LEDs is that they’re significantly smaller, meaning they can be used to create mobile displays at high resolutions. They’re so small, in fact, that they can actually be applied to materials by an inkjet printer or screen printing.

Because each pixel is individually lit, and there’s no large backlight, OLEDs offer significantly better blacks than LCD screens, and they’re also superior in terms of power consumption. Their very small size make them lighter, as well.

However, OLEDs are generally quite expensive in comparison to LCDs, and blue diodes tend to degrade faster than other colors, leaving OLED screens with color-balance issues after many hours of use.

Active-Matrix OLED (AMOLED):
While OLEDs are more power-efficient than LCD screens, manufacturers of mobile devices are always looking for ways to increase the battery life of their devices, and adding an active matrix to OLED technology is one of the ways they can do this.

An active matrix is a thin-film transistor that’s integrated with the OLED matrix. This might sound complicated and technical, but the takeaway is simple: the circuitry for lighting the LEDs is more closely integrated with the LEDs themselves, reducing the amount of power that’s needed to operate the display. This leads to better battery life in your device. They also have faster refresh rates (what is a refresh rate?), making them good for watching video.

Many Samsung products, including the Galaxy S5, sport Super AMOLED screens, which integrate the touchscreen technology into the AMOLED display, allowing for an even thinner and lighter screen.

Before we jump to the conclusion and establish which processor is the best among the ones which are powering extremely high-end smartphone these days, it’s important to identify the most important attributes of a smartphone processor which contribute in making it the best. This is an era in human history that is primarily dominated by technology. Before we have adapted ourselves to specific functionality, a new one is already available in the market and it’s humanly impossible to keep an end-to-end track of these upgrades. The fact is that technological transformations are inevitable and at a given moment one specific product might come across as the best option and then suddenly the next moment, it might just become outdated. Hence. What’s important is to be aware that you are choosing the best one according to your requirements.
The primary attributes of any smartphone processor which contribute to the smartness of your phone are as follows:

Power-Efficiency:
The efficient power management of a chipset is one of the most essential aspects that should be at the top of your checklist. This is indirectly proportional to the fabrication process of the System on Chip. This means that lower the fabrication process higher will be the chipset’s capability to save power consumption. In this regard, Qualcomm’s Snapdragon 855 has been regarded among the finest because it is probably the only 4G chipset that functions on TSMC’s 7nm FinFET technology.

However, MediaTek is also not far behind in the race with the launch of its first 5G chipset: MediaTek Dimensity 1000 last year which is equally power effective and has gathered much appreciation in the telecom industry. The chipset seems promising, though the smartphones powered by it are yet to become available in the market for end-consumers.

Number of Cores:
The number of cores in a system on chip defines its performance parameters. One SoC is built with a combination of multiple micro-processors or cores which are set on a particular frequency and are responsible for executing tasks being performed by the user on the smartphone. The clock speed of cores is responsible for the swift processing. Most of the latest processors like MediaTek Helio G90T, Snapdragon 730, and MediaTek Dimensity 1000 are octa-core chipsets that have 8 different cores to process the commands. However, MediaTek also launched a deca-core chipset, Helio X20 which was one of its kind, but could not make its mark in the smartphone market.

The Number of Core Clusters:
The multi-core chipsets are tactfully combined into multiple clusters. For instance, the 10 cores in MediaTek Helio X20 are compartmentalized into 3 clusters. Cluster 1 has ARM Cortex-A72 clocked at 2.1GHz, Cluster 2 has ARM Cortex-A53 clocked at 1.85GHz and Cluster 3 has ARM Cortex-A53 clocked at 1.4GHz. So by fixing different core clusters at variable clock speeds, the multitasking capabilities of the processors are being strengthened. In this case, during a heavy task that has to be executed, only the core clusters capable of completing it will be performing the task because the others are meant to execute light tasks. Hence, this strategy saves energy and makes the processor more efficient.

AI Power:
AI is one of the most significant capabilities which is a must-have in any smartphone because the entire Android user interface is designed to harness the AI power of the processors to deliver the best user experience. Not only this, even smartphone cameras demand a high AI performance from the smartphone. MediaTek Helio P90 comes to my mind as being one of the best AI powerhouses to have powered any smartphone. The picture outputs on OPPO Reno2 Z were regarded as phenomenal by users because of the chipset AI efficiency.

Other features that can be taken into consideration while you are identifying the best processor for yourself are Benchmark Scores, Camera Support, Memory Type and Connectivity parameters. However, I feel that these factors are still secondary because they tend to give variable results when clubbed with other features of the smartphone. For example, a 48MP camera support versus a 32MP camera support in different smartphones where the output by the latter comes across as much better.

The GPU, or Graphics Processing Unit, is a specialized circuit that focuses on generating images for a device to display. Every modern mobile device has some form of a GPU to aid in generating images and computer graphics and is an essential part of every modern mobile device. Without it, high-performance games and elaborate user interface elements just wouldn’t be possible without seriously taxing your device’s CPU and battery.

The GPU works by rapidly manipulating the memory of a device to quickly and efficiently create images in a frame buffer, or a portion of RAM essentially dedicated to image processing, to output on a display. The GPU is also much better at processing large portions of data in parallel than a CPU and allows the CPU to work less to produce detailed computer graphics.

The GPU is something of an afterthought to most people when it comes to buying a mobile device. Many associate the GPU as a computer thing, with high-end graphics cards being an integral part of gaming PCs and high-powered workstations for decades now. However, mobile devices like your smartphone also contain a GPU as part of the chipset and are used just as often as a desktop grade GPU. Popular phone GPUs are Qualcomm’s Adreno series, the PowerVR series found in Apple phones, and the Nvidia Tegra line. Odds are, one of those three are in your tablet or phone right now.

A good GPU can usually be identified as having a large memory bus, 64 bit or higher, and a high memory clock speed. This, combined with the number of cores and units for rendering geometry and textures, signify the power of a GPU. For example, the new Nvidia Tegra X1 GPU has 256 cores, and a 64-bit memory bus that runs at 32000 Mhz.

The GPU of your device can also be measured in efficiency and power consumption, based on the size of the chip fabrication process. Any chip that is fabricated at less than 20 nanometers is generally smaller and more efficient than ones that are larger. Unfortunately, much of this information is not explicitly advertised and requires a bit of research but fear not, most if not all of the modern mobile GPUs in phones are more than capable of excellent performance no matter where they come from.

The GPU of your device is so important mainly because it makes games run more efficiently and makes them look better with higher resolution graphics and improved framerates, or how many frames per second the game runs at. Higher framerates mean smoother, faster games with less stutter or freezing due to load on the CPU. The GPUs of modern smartphones are capable of rendering 3D games and a lot of effects easily and this allows developers to make better looking and more complex games as a result. The GPU also aids the CPU in its workload and makes your device more power efficient and faster altogether.

From the energy density to the watt hours, there are several features you can use to determine the quality of your phone battery. This Guide will focus on a few key common features: Battery Capacity, Battery Life and Battery Size.

Capacity:
The battery capacity represents the amount of power your battery can hold. From a technical perspective, this is amount of lithium ions that are within the anode and cathode. A common way to measure battery capacity is through mAH. It stands for a milliampere hour, and it measure the rate of electron flow through the electrical conductor. In other words, it measures the amount of power your phone battery or power bank can hold. A cheap power bank will range in the vicinity of 3,000 mAH while a powerful one can range all the way to 50,000 mAH. To put that into perspective, your iPhone X’s battery capacity is 2,716 mAH, so that’s equivalent to charging your iPhone more than 18 times!

Battery Life:
The battery life is the time taken before your device runs itself out of power. Unlike the battery capacity, the battery life is affected by several external factors such as battery discharge rate and temperature conditions.

Battery Lifespan:
Each charge and discharge, the amount of lithium ions within the cathode and anode lessen. The battery life is the measure of how many charges and discharges a battery can make before it completely loses its viability as a power storage device. This is different from the battery life which only measures the time for one singular discharge. Apple estimates its iPhone's lifespan to be 300 to 500 charges, which should last you for about one and a half to 2 years. This means that your iPhone’s battery life will start decreasing significantly to about 80% levels on full charge after 500 charges, and will continue to dwindle down to 0% as more charges are used on the battery.

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